# Expression syntax

This page describes the syntax of expression parser of math.js. It describes
how to work with the available data types, functions, operators, variables,
and more.

## Differences from JavaScript

The expression parser of math.js is aimed at a mathematical audience,
not a programming audience. The syntax is similar to most calculators and
mathematical applications. This is close to JavaScript as well, though there
are a few important differences between the syntax of the expression parser and
the lower level syntax of math.js. Differences are:

- No need to prefix functions and constants with the `math.*` namespace,
  you can just enter `sin(pi / 4)`.
- Matrix indexes are one-based instead of zero-based.
- There are index and range operators which allow more conveniently getting
  and setting matrix indexes, like `A[2:4, 1]`.
- Both indexes and ranges and have the upper-bound included.
- There is a differing syntax for defining functions. Example: `f(x) = x^2`.
- There are custom operators like `x + y` instead of `add(x, y)`.
- Some operators are different. For example  `^` is used for exponentiation,
  not bitwise xor.


## Operators

The expression parser has operators for all common arithmetic operations such
as addition and multiplication. The expression parser uses conventional infix
notation for operators: an operator is placed between its arguments.
Round parentheses can be used to override the default precedence of operators.

```js
// use operators
math.eval('2 + 3'); // 5
math.eval('2 * 3'); // 6

// use parentheses to override the default precedence
math.eval('2 + 3 * 4');   // 14
math.eval('(2 + 3) * 4'); // 20
```

The following operators are available:

Operator    | Name                    | Syntax      | Associativity | Example               | Result
----------- | ----------------------- | ----------  | ------------- | --------------------- | ---------------
`(`, `)`    | Grouping                | `(x)`       | None          | `2 * (3 + 4)`         | `14`
`[`, `]`    | Matrix, Index           | `[...]`     | None          | `[[1,2],[3,4]]`       | `[[1,2],[3,4]]`
`{`, `}`    | Object                  | `{...}`     | None          | `{a: 1, b: 2}`        | `{a: 1, b: 2}`
`,`         | Parameter separator     | `x, y`      | Left to right | `max(2, 1, 5)`        | `5`
`.`         | Property accessor       | `obj.prop`  | Left to right | `obj={a: 12}; obj.a`  | `12`
`;`         | Statement separator     | `x; y`      | Left to right | `a=2; b=3; a*b`       | `[6]`
`;`         | Row separator           | `[x; y]`    | Left to right | `[1,2;3,4]`           | `[[1,2],[3,4]]`
`\n`        | Statement separator     | `x \n y`    | Left to right | `a=2 \n b=3 \n a*b`   | `[2,3,6]`
`+`         | Add                     | `x + y`     | Left to right | `4 + 5`               | `9`
`+`         | Unary plus              | `+y`        | Right to left | `+4`                  | `4`
`-`         | Subtract                | `x - y`     | Left to right | `7 - 3`               | `4`
`-`         | Unary minus             | `-y`        | Right to left | `-4`                  | `-4`
`*`         | Multiply                | `x * y`     | Left to right | `2 * 3`               | `6`
`.*`        | Element-wise multiply   | `x .* y`    | Left to right | `[1,2,3] .* [1,2,3]`  | `[1,4,9]`
`/`         | Divide                  | `x / y`     | Left to right | `6 / 2`               | `3`
`./`        | Element-wise divide     | `x ./ y`    | Left to right | `[9,6,4] ./ [3,2,2]`  | `[3,3,2]`
`%`, `mod`  | Modulus                 | `x % y`     | Left to right | `8 % 3`               | `2`
`^`         | Power                   | `x ^ y`     | Right to left | `2 ^ 3`               | `8`
`.^`        | Element-wise power      | `x .^ y`    | Right to left | `[2,3] .^ [3,3]`      | `[9,27]`
`'`         | Transpose               | `y'`        | Left to right | `[[1,2],[3,4]]'`      | `[[1,3],[2,4]]`
`!`         | Factorial               | `y!`        | Left to right | `5!`                  | `120`
`&`         | Bitwise and             | `x & y`     | Left to right | `5 & 3`               | `1`
`~`         | Bitwise not             | `~x`        | Right to left | `~2`                  | `-3`
<code>&#124;</code>  | Bitwise or     | <code>x &#124; y</code>   | Left to right | <code>5 &#124; 3</code>  | `7`
<code>^&#124;</code> | Bitwise xor    | <code>x ^&#124; y</code>  | Left to right | <code>5 ^&#124; 2</code> | `6`
`<<`        | Left shift              | `x << y`    | Left to right | `4 << 1`              | `8`
`>>`        | Right arithmetic shift  | `x >> y`    | Left to right | `8 >> 1`              | `4`
`>>>`       | Right logical shift     | `x >>> y`   | Left to right | `-8 >>> 1`            | `2147483644`
`and`       | Logical and             | `x and y`   | Left to right | `true and false`      | `false`
`not`       | Logical not             | `not y`     | Right to left | `not true`            | `false`
`or`        | Logical or              | `x or y`    | Left to right | `true or false`       | `true`
`xor`       | Logical xor             | `x xor y`   | Left to right | `true xor true`       | `false`
`=`         | Assignment              | `x = y`     | Right to left | `a = 5`               | `5`
`?` `:`     | Conditional expression  | `x ? y : z` | Right to left | `15 > 100 ? 1 : -1`   | `-1`
`:`         | Range                   | `x : y`     | Right to left | `1:4`                 | `[1,2,3,4]`
`to`, `in`  | Unit conversion         | `x to y`    | Left to right | `2 inch to cm`        | `5.08 cm`
`==`        | Equal                   | `x == y`    | Left to right | `2 == 4 - 2`          | `true`
`!=`        | Unequal                 | `x != y`    | Left to right | `2 != 3`              | `true`
`<`         | Smaller                 | `x < y`     | Left to right | `2 < 3`               | `true`
`>`         | Larger                  | `x > y`     | Left to right | `2 > 3`               | `false`
`<=`        | Smallereq               | `x <= y`    | Left to right | `4 <= 3`              | `false`
`>=`        | Largereq                | `x >= y`    | Left to right | `2 + 4 >= 6`          | `true`


## Precedence

The operators have the following precedence, from highest to lowest:

Operators                         | Description
--------------------------------- | --------------------
`(...)`<br>`[...]`<br>`{...}`     | Grouping<br>Matrix<br>Object
`x(...)`<br>`x[...]`<br>`obj.prop`<br>`:`| Function call<br>Matrix index<br>Property accessor<br>Key/value separator
`'`                               | Matrix transpose
`!`                               | Factorial
`^`, `.^`                         | Exponentiation
`+`, `-`, `~`, `not`              | Unary plus, unary minus, bitwise not, logical not
`x unit`                          | Unit
`*`, `/`, `.*`, `./`, `%`, `mod`  | Multiply, divide, modulus, implicit multiply
`+`, `-`                          | Add, subtract
`:`                               | Range
`to`, `in`                        | Unit conversion
`<<`, `>>`, `>>>`                 | Bitwise left shift, bitwise right arithmetic shift, bitwise right logical shift
`==`, `!=`, `<`, `>`, `<=`, `>=`  | Relational
`&`                               | Bitwise and
<code>^&#124;</code>              | Bitwise xor
<code>&#124;</code>               | Bitwise or
`and`                             | Logical and
`xor`                             | Logical xor
`or`                              | Logical or
`?`, `:`                          | Conditional expression
`=`                               | Assignment
`,`                               | Parameter and column separator
`;`                               | Row separator
`\n`, `;`                         | Statement separators


## Functions

Functions are called by entering their name, followed by zero or more
arguments enclosed by parentheses. All available functions are listed on the
page [Functions](../reference/functions.md).

```js
math.eval('sqrt(25)');          // 5
math.eval('log(1000, 3 + 7)');  // 4
math.eval('sin(pi / 4)');       // 0.7071067811865475
```

New functions can be defined using the `function` keyword. Functions can be
defined with multiple variables. Function assignments are limited: they can
only be defined on a single line.

```js
var parser = math.parser();

parser.eval('f(x) = x ^ 2 - 5');
parser.eval('f(2)');    // -1
parser.eval('f(3)');    // 4

parser.eval('g(x, y) = x ^ y');
parser.eval('g(2, 3)'); // 8
```

Math.js itself heavily uses typed functions, which ensure correct inputs and
throws meaningful errors when the input arguments are invalid. One can create
a [typed-function](https://github.com/josdejong/typed-function) in the
expression parser like:

```js
var parser = math.parser();

parser.eval('f = typed({"number": f(x) = x ^ 2 - 5})');
```


## Constants and variables

Math.js has a number of built-in constants such as `pi` and `e`.
All available constants are listed on he page
[Constants](../reference/constants.md).

```js
// use constants
math.eval('pi');                // 3.141592653589793
math.eval('e ^ 2');             // 7.3890560989306495
math.eval('log(e)');            // 1
math.eval('e ^ (pi * i) + 1');  // ~0 (Euler)
```

Variables can be defined using the assignment operator `=`, and can be used
like constants.

```js
var parser = math.parser();

// define variables
parser.eval('a = 3.4');     // 3.4
parser.eval('b = 5 / 2');   // 2.5

// use variables
parser.eval('a * b');       // 8.5
```

Variable names must:

- Begin with an "alpha character", which is:
  - A latin letter (upper or lower case). Ascii: `a-z`, `A-Z`
  - An underscore.                        Ascii: `_`
  - A latin letter with accents.          Unicode: `\u00C0` - `\u02AF`
  - A greek letter.                       Unicode: `\u0370` - `\u03FF`
  - A letter-like character.              Unicode: `\u2100` - `\u214F`
  - A mathematical alphanumeric symbol.   Unicode: `\u{1D400}` - `\u{1D7FF}` excluding invalid code points
- Contain only alpha characters (above) and digits `0-9`
- Not be any of the following: `mod`, `to`, `in`, `and`, `xor`, `or`, `not`, `end`. It is possible to assign to some of these, but that's not recommended.

It is possible to customize the allowed alpha characters, see [Customize supported characters](customization.md#customize-supported-characters) for more information.


## Data types

The expression parser supports booleans, numbers, complex numbers, units,
strings, matrices, and objects.


### Booleans

Booleans `true` and `false` can be used in expressions.

```js
// use booleans
math.eval('true');              // true
math.eval('false');             // false
math.eval('(2 == 3) == false'); // true
```

Booleans can be converted to numbers and strings and vice versa using the
functions `number` and `boolean`, and `string`.

```js
// convert booleans
math.eval('number(true)');      // 1
math.eval('string(false)');     // "false"
math.eval('boolean(1)');        // true
math.eval('boolean("false")');  // false
```


### Numbers

The most important and basic data type in math.js are numbers. Numbers use a
point as decimal mark. Numbers can be entered with exponential notation.
Examples:

```js
// numbers in math.js
math.eval('2');       // 2
math.eval('3.14');    // 3.14
math.eval('1.4e3');   // 1400
math.eval('22e-3');   // 0.022
```

A number can be converted to a string and vice versa using the functions
`number` and `string`.

```js
// convert a string into a number
math.eval('number("2.3")');   // 2.3
math.eval('string(2.3)');     // "2.3"
```

Math.js uses regular JavaScript numbers, which are floating points with a
limited precision and limited range. The limitations are described in detail
on the page [Numbers](../datatypes/numbers.md).

```js
math.eval('1e-325');  // 0
math.eval('1e309');   // Infinity
math.eval('-1e309');  // -Infinity
```

When doing calculations with floats, one can very easily get round-off errors:

```js
// round-off error due to limited floating point precision
math.eval('0.1 + 0.2'); // 0.30000000000000004
```

When outputting results, the function `math.format` can be used to hide
these round-off errors when outputting results for the user:

```js
var ans = math.eval('0.1 + 0.2');   //  0.30000000000000004
math.format(ans, {precision: 14});  // "0.3"
```


### BigNumbers

Math.js supports BigNumbers for calculations with an arbitrary precision.
The pros and cons of Number and BigNumber are explained in detail on the page
[Numbers](../datatypes/numbers.md).

BigNumbers are slower but have a higher precision. Calculations with big
numbers are supported only by arithmetic functions.

BigNumbers can be created using the `bignumber` function:

```js
math.eval('bignumber(0.1) + bignumber(0.2)'); // BigNumber, 0.3
```

The default number type of the expression parser can be changed at instantiation
of math.js. The expression parser parses numbers as BigNumber by default:

```js
// Configure the type of number: 'number' (default), 'BigNumber', or 'Fraction'
math.config({number: 'BigNumber'});

// all numbers are parsed as BigNumber
math.eval('0.1 + 0.2'); // BigNumber, 0.3
```

BigNumbers can be converted to numbers and vice versa using the functions
`number` and `bignumber`. When converting a BigNumber to a Number, the high
precision of the BigNumber will be lost. When a BigNumber is too large to be represented
as Number, it will be initialized as `Infinity`.


### Complex numbers

Complex numbers can be created using the imaginary unit `i`, which is defined
as `i^2 = -1`. Complex numbers have a real and complex part, which can be
retrieved using the functions `re` and `im`.

```js
var parser = math.parser();

// create complex numbers
parser.eval('a = 2 + 3i');  // Complex, 2 + 3i
parser.eval('b = 4 - i');   // Complex, 4 - i

// get real and imaginary part of a complex number
parser.eval('re(a)');       // Number,  2
parser.eval('im(a)');       // Number,  3

// calculations with complex numbers
parser.eval('a + b');       // Complex, 6 + 2i
parser.eval('a * b');       // Complex, 11 + 10i
parser.eval('i * i');       // Number,  -1
parser.eval('sqrt(-4)');    // Complex, 2i
```

Math.js does not automatically convert complex numbers with an imaginary part
of zero to numbers. They can be converted to a number using the function
`number`.

```js
// convert a complex number to a number
var parser = math.parser();
parser.eval('a = 2 + 3i');  // Complex, 2 + 3i
parser.eval('b = a - 3i');  // Complex, 2 + 0i
parser.eval('number(b)');   // Number,  2
parser.eval('number(a)');   // Error: 2 + i is no valid number
```


### Units

math.js supports units. Units can be used in the arithmetic operations
add, subtract, multiply, divide, and exponentiation.
Units can also be converted from one to another.
An overview of all available units can be found on the page
[Units](../datatypes/units.md).

Units can be converted using the operator `to` or `in`.

```js
// create a unit
math.eval('5.4 kg');                    // Unit, 5.4 kg

// convert a unit
math.eval('2 inch to cm');              // Unit, 5.08 cm
math.eval('20 celsius in fahrenheit');  // Unit, ~68 fahrenheit
math.eval('90 km/h to m/s');			// Unit, 25 m / s

// convert a unit to a number
// A second parameter with the unit for the exported number must be provided
math.eval('number(5 cm, mm)');          // Number, 50

// calculations with units
math.eval('0.5kg + 33g');               // Unit, 0.533 kg
math.eval('3 inch + 2 cm');             // Unit, 3.7874 inch
math.eval('3 inch + 2 cm');             // Unit, 3.7874 inch
math.eval('12 seconds * 2');            // Unit, 24 seconds
math.eval('sin(45 deg)');               // Number, 0.7071067811865475
math.eval('9.81 m/s^2 * 5 s to mi/h')   // Unit, 109.72172512527 mi / h
```


### Strings

Strings are enclosed by double quotes ". Strings can be concatenated using the
function `concat` (not by adding them using `+` like in JavaScript). Parts of
a string can be retrieved or replaced by using indexes. Strings can be converted
to a number using function `number`, and numbers can be converted to a string
using function `string`.

When setting the value of a character in a string, the character that has been
set is returned. Likewise, when a range of characters is set, that range of
characters is returned. 


```js
var parser = math.parser();

// create a string
parser.eval('"hello"');                       // String, "hello"

// string manipulation
parser.eval('a = concat("hello", " world")'); // String, "hello world"
parser.eval('size(a)');                       // Matrix [11]
parser.eval('a[1:5]');                        // String, "hello"
parser.eval('a[1] = "H"');                    // String, "H"
parser.eval('a[7:12] = "there!"');            // String, "there!"
parser.eval('a');                             // String, "Hello there!"

// string conversion
parser.eval('number("300")');                 // Number, 300
parser.eval('string(300)');                   // String, "300"
```

Strings can be used in the `eval` function, to parse expressions inside
the expression parser:

```js
math.eval('eval("2 + 3")'); // 5
```


### Matrices

Matrices can be created by entering a series of values between square brackets,
elements are separated by a comma `,`.
A matrix like `[1, 2, 3]` will create a vector, a 1-dimensional matrix with
size `[3]`. To create a multi-dimensional matrix, matrices can be nested into
each other. For easier creation of two-dimensional matrices, a semicolon `;`
can be used to separate rows in a matrix.

```js
// create a matrix
math.eval('[1, 2, 3]');                               // Matrix, size [3]
math.eval('[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]');                  // Matrix, size [2, 3]
math.eval('[[[1, 2], [3, 4]], [[5, 6], [7, 8]]]');    // Matrix, size [2, 2, 2]

// create a two dimensional matrix
math.eval('[1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6]');                      // Matrix, size [2, 3]
```

Another way to create filled matrices is using the functions `zeros`, `ones`,
`eye`, and `range`.

```js
// initialize a matrix with ones or zeros
math.eval('zeros(3, 2)');     // Matrix, [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]],  size [3, 2]
math.eval('ones(3)');         // Matrix, [1, 1, 1],                 size [3]
math.eval('5 * ones(2, 2)');  // Matrix, [[5, 5], [5, 5]],          size [2, 2]

// create an identity matrix
math.eval('eye(2)');          // Matrix, [[1, 0], [0, 1]],          size [2, 2]

// create a range
math.eval('1:4');             // Matrix, [1, 2, 3, 4],              size [4]
math.eval('0:2:10');          // Matrix, [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10],       size [6]
```

A subset can be retrieved from a matrix using indexes and a subset of a matrix
can be replaced by using indexes. Indexes are enclosed in square brackets, and
contain a number or a range for each of the matrix dimensions. A range can have
its start and/or end undefined. When the start is undefined, the range will start
at 1, when the end is undefined, the range will end at the end of the matrix.
There is a context variable `end` available as well to denote the end of the
matrix.

*IMPORTANT: matrix indexes and ranges work differently from the math.js indexes
in JavaScript: They are one-based with an included upper-bound, similar to most
math applications.*

```js
parser = math.parser();

// create matrices
parser.eval('a = [1, 2; 3, 4]');      // Matrix, [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
parser.eval('b = zeros(2, 2)');       // Matrix, [[0, 0], [0, 0]]
parser.eval('c = 5:9');               // Matrix, [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

// replace a subset in a matrix
parser.eval('b[1, 1:2] = [5, 6]');    // Matrix, [[5, 6], [0, 0]]
parser.eval('b[2, :] = [7, 8]');      // Matrix, [[5, 6], [7, 8]]

// perform a matrix calculation
parser.eval('d = a * b');             // Matrix, [[19, 22], [43, 50]]

// retrieve a subset of a matrix
parser.eval('d[2, 1]');               // 43
parser.eval('d[2, 1:end]');           // Matrix, [[43, 50]]
parser.eval('c[end - 1 : -1 : 2]');   // Matrix, [8, 7, 6]
```

## Objects

Objects in math.js work the same as in languages like JavaScript and Python.
An object is enclosed by square brackets `{`, `}`, and contains a set of 
comma separated key/value pairs. Keys and values are separated by a colon `:`.
Keys can be a symbol like `prop` or a string like `"prop"`.

```js
math.eval('{a: 2 + 1, b: 4}');        // {a: 3, b: 4}
math.eval('{"a": 2 + 1, "b": 4}');    // {a: 3, b: 4}
```

Objects can contain objects:

```js
math.eval('{a: 2, b: {c: 3, d: 4}}'); // {a: 2, b: {c: 3, d: 4}}
```

Object properties can be retrieved or replaced using dot notation or bracket 
notation. Unlike JavaScript, when setting a property value, the whole object
is returned, not the property value

```js
var scope = {
  obj: {
    prop: 42
  }
};

// retrieve properties
math.eval('obj.prop', scope);         // 42
math.eval('obj["prop"]', scope);      // 42

// set properties (returns the whole object, not the property value!)
math.eval('obj.prop = 43', scope);    // {prop: 43}
math.eval('obj["prop"] = 43', scope); // {prop: 43}
scope.obj;                            // {prop: 43}
```


## Multi-line expressions

An expression can contain multiple lines, and expressions can be spread over
multiple lines. Lines can be separated by a newline character `\n` or by a
semicolon `;`. Output of statements followed by a semicolon will be hidden from
the output, and empty lines are ignored. The output is returned as a `ResultSet`,
with an entry for every visible statement.

```js
// a multi-line expression
math.eval('1 * 3 \n 2 * 3 \n 3 * 3');   // ResultSet, [3, 6, 9]

// semicolon statements are hidden from the output
math.eval('a=3; b=4; a + b \n a * b');  // ResultSet, [7, 12]

// single expression spread over multiple lines
math.eval('a = 2 +\n  3');              // 5
math.eval('[\n  1, 2;\n  3, 4\n]');     // Matrix, [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
```

The results can be read from a `ResultSet` via the property `ResultSet.entries`
which is an `Array`, or by calling `ResultSet.valueOf()`, which returns the
array with results.


## Implicit multiplication

The expression parser supports implicit multiplication. Implicit multiplication
has the same precedence as explicit multiplications and divisions, so `3/4 mm`
is evaluated as `(3 / 4) * mm`.

Parentheses are parsed as a function call when there is a symbol or accessor on
the left hand side, like `sqrt(4)` or `obj.method(4)`. In other cases the
parentheses are interpreted as an implicit multiplication.

Implicit multiplication can be tricky as there is ambiguity on how an expression
is evaluated. Use it carefully.

Here some examples:

Expression      | Evaluated as      | Result
--------------- | ----------------- | ------------------
(1 + 3) pi      | (1 + 3) * pi      | 12.566370614359172
(4 - 1) 2       | (4 - 1) * 2       | 6
3 / 4 mm        | (3 / 4) * mm      | 0.75 mm
2 + 3 i         | 2 + (3 * i)       | 2 + 3i
(1 + 2) (4 - 2) | (1 + 2) * (4 - 2) | 6
sqrt(4) (1 + 2) | sqrt(4) * (1 + 2) | 6


## Comments

Comments can be added to explain or describe calculations in the text. A comment
starts with a sharp sign character `#`, and ends at the end of the line. A line
can contain a comment only, or can contain an expression followed by a comment.

```js
var parser = math.parser();

parser.eval('# define some variables');
parser.eval('width = 3');                             // 3
parser.eval('height = 4');                            // 4
parser.eval('width * height   # calculate the area'); // 12
```
